01.1 - Aircraft Design and Integrated Systems (Theory, Methods and Tools)
A BILEVEL STRATEGY FOR ON-DESIGN EVTOL SIZING AND OFF-DESIGN STRUCTURAL WEIGHT OPTIMIZATION
L. Liu¹, Y. Wu¹, M.A. Hariansyah¹, R.P. Liem, ICL, Department of Aeronautics, United Kingdom; ¹HKUST, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong SAR of China
This paper presents a bilevel optimization framework for Lift-Plus-Cruise eVTOL sizing, coupling system-level aeropropulsive MDO with component-level structural material optimization. On-design optimization achieves 17.5% takeoff weight and 16.3% energy reductions versus the NASA LPC reference, with CFRP substitution indicating up to 70% weight reduction potential for primary structures.
DOI: 10.71945/icas2026_0209